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NAME

r.pops.spread - A dynamic species distribution model for pest or pathogen spread in forest or agricultural ecosystems (PoPS)

KEYWORDS

raster, spread, model, simulation, disease, pest

SYNOPSIS

r.pops.spread
r.pops.spread --help
r.pops.spread [-ms] host=name total_plants=name infected=name [average=name] [average_series=basename] [single_series=basename] [stddev=name] [stddev_series=basename] [probability=name] [probability_series=basename] [outside_spores=name] [spread_rate_output=name] model_type=string [latency_period=integer] [treatments=name[,name,...]] [treatment_date=string[,string,...]] [treatment_length=integer[,integer,...]] [treatment_application=string] [moisture_coefficient_file=name] [temperature_coefficient_file=name] [weather_coefficient_file=name] [lethal_temperature=float] [lethal_month=integer] [temperature_file=name] start_date=string end_date=string seasonality=from,to step_unit=string step_num_units=integer [output_frequency=string] [output_frequency_n=integer] [reproductive_rate=float] natural_dispersal_kernel=string natural_distance=float natural_direction=string [natural_direction_strength=float] [anthropogenic_dispersal_kernel=string] [anthropogenic_distance=float] [anthropogenic_direction=string] [anthropogenic_direction_strength=float] [percent_natural_dispersal=float] [mortality_rate=float] [mortality_time_lag=integer] [mortality_series=basename] [random_seed=integer] [runs=integer] [nprocs=integer] [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]

Flags:

-m
Apply mortality
After certain number of years, start removing dead hosts from the infected pool with a given rate
-s
Generate random seed (result is non-deterministic)
Automatically generates random seed for random number generator (use when you don't want to provide the seed option)
--overwrite
Allow output files to overwrite existing files
--help
Print usage summary
--verbose
Verbose module output
--quiet
Quiet module output
--ui
Force launching GUI dialog

Parameters:

host=name [required]
Input host raster map
Number of hosts per cell.
total_plants=name [required]
Input raster map of total plants
Number of all plants per cell
infected=name [required]
Input raster map of initial infection
Number of infected hosts per cell
average=name
Average infected across multiple runs
average_series=basename
Basename for output series of average infected across multiple runs
single_series=basename
Basename for output series of infected as single stochastic run
stddev=name
Standard deviations
stddev_series=basename
Basename for output series of standard deviations
probability=name
Infection probability (in percent)
probability_series=basename
Basename for output series of probabilities
outside_spores=name
Output vector map of spores or pest units outside of modeled area
spread_rate_output=name
Output CSV file containg yearly spread rate in N, S, E, W directions
model_type=string [required]
Epidemiological model type
Options: SI, SEI
Default: SI
SI: Susceptible-infected epidemiological model
SEI: Susceptible-exposed-infected epidemiological model (uses latency_period)
latency_period=integer
Latency period in simulation steps
How long it takes for a hosts to become infected after being exposed (unit is a simulation step)
treatments=name[,name,...]
Raster map(s) of treatments (treated 1, otherwise 0)
treatment_date=string[,string,...]
Dates when treatments are applied (e.g. 2020-01-15)
treatment_length=integer[,integer,...]
Treatment length in days
Treatment length 0 results in simple removal of host, length > 0 makes host resistant for certain number of days
treatment_application=string
Type of treatmet application
Options: ratio_to_all, all_infected_in_cell
Default: ratio_to_all
moisture_coefficient_file=name
Input file with one moisture coefficient map name per line
Moisture coefficient
temperature_coefficient_file=name
Input file with one temperature coefficient map name per line
Temperature coefficient
weather_coefficient_file=name
Input file with one weather coefficient map name per line
Weather coefficient
lethal_temperature=float
Temperature at which the pest or pathogen dies
The temerature unit must be the same as for thetemerature raster map (typically degrees of Celsius)
lethal_month=integer
Month when the pest or patogen dies due to low temperature
The temperature unit must be the same as for thetemperature raster map (typically degrees of Celsius)
temperature_file=name
Input file with one temperature raster map name per line
The temperature should be in actual temperature units (typically degrees of Celsius)
start_date=string [required]
Start date of the simulation in YYYY-MM-DD format
end_date=string [required]
End date of the simulation in YYYY-MM-DD format
seasonality=from,to [required]
Seasonal spread (from,to)
Spread limited to certain months (season), for example 5,9 for spread starting at the beginning of May and ending at the end of September
Default: 1,12
step_unit=string [required]
Unit of simulation steps
Options: day, week, month
Default: month
day: Compute next simulation step every N days
week: Compute next simulation step every N weeks
month: Compute next simulation step every N months
step_num_units=integer [required]
Number of days/weeks/months in each step
Step is given by number and unit, e.g. step_num_units=5 and step_unit=day means step is 5 days
Options: 1-100
Default: 1
output_frequency=string
Frequency of simulation output
Options: yearly, monthly, weekly, daily, every_n_steps
Default: yearly
output_frequency_n=integer
Output frequency every N steps
Options: 1-100
Default: 1
reproductive_rate=float
Number of spores or pest units produced by a single host
Number of spores or pest units produced by a single host under optimal weather conditions
Default: 4.4
natural_dispersal_kernel=string [required]
Natural dispersal kernel type
Options: cauchy, exponential
Default: cauchy
natural_distance=float [required]
Distance parameter for natural dispersal kernel
natural_direction=string [required]
Direction of natural dispersal kernel
Typically prevailing wind direction; none means that there is no directionality or no wind
Options: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW, NONE, none
Default: none
natural_direction_strength=float
Strength of direction of natural dispersal kernel
The kappa parameter of von Mises distribution (concentration); typically the strength of the wind direction
anthropogenic_dispersal_kernel=string
Anthropogenic dispersal kernel type
Options: cauchy, exponential
anthropogenic_distance=float
Distance parameter for anthropogenic dispersal kernel
anthropogenic_direction=string
Direction of anthropogenic dispersal kernel
Value none means that there is no directionality
Options: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW, NONE, none
Default: none
anthropogenic_direction_strength=float
Strength of direction of anthropogenic dispersal kernel
The kappa parameter of von Mises distribution (concentration); typically the strength of the wind direction
percent_natural_dispersal=float
Percentage of natural dispersal
How often is the natural dispersal kernel used versus the anthropogenic dispersal kernel
Options: 0-1
mortality_rate=float
Mortality rate of infected hosts
Percentage of infected hosts that die in a given year (hosts are removed from the infected pool)
Options: 0-1
mortality_time_lag=integer
Time lag from infection until mortality can occur in years
How many years it takes for an infected host to die (value 1 for hosts dying at the end of the first year)
mortality_series=basename
Basename for series of number of dead hosts
Basename for output series of number of dead hosts (requires mortality to be activated)
random_seed=integer
Seed for random number generator
The same seed can be used to obtain same results or random seed can be generated by other means.
runs=integer
Number of simulation runs
The individual runs will obtain different seeds and will be averaged for the output
nprocs=integer
Number of threads for parallel computing
Options: 1-

Table of contents

DESCRIPTION

Module r.pops.spread is a dynamic species distribution model for pest or pathogen spread in forest or agricultural ecosystems. The model is process based meaning that it uses understanding of the effect of weather on reproduction and survival of the pest or pathogen in order to simulate spread of the pest or pathogen into the future using simulation.
r.pops.spread example
Figure: Infected hosts in a landscape, a typical model result

About the model

The module is using the PoPS Core library which is implementing the PoPS model and it is a central part of the Pest or Pathogen Spread (PoPS) project.

PoPS logo
Figure: Logo of the Pest or Pathogen Spread framework the PoPS is part of

The PoPS model is a stochastic spread model of pests and pathogens in forest and agricultural landscapes. It is used for various pest, pathogens, and hosts including animals, not just plants, as hosts. It was originally developed for Phytophthora ramorum and the original version of the model was written in R, later with Rcpp (Tonini, 2017), and was based on Meentemeyer (2011) paper.

The current implementation of the GRASS GIS module is using PoPS Core header-only C++ library which implements the PoPS model. The primary development of PoPS Core and of this module happens in a separate repositories and GRASS GIS Addons repository contains the latest release of the model. An alternative steering version of this module exists which includes a set of features supporting geospatial simulation steering (Petrasova, 2020) which is useful for exploring adaptive management scenarios.

Model parameters

Two basic epidemiological model types (model_type) are available for a transition of hosts between susceptible and infected classes: 1) susceptible-infected (SI) for an immediate transition when a disperser establishes on the host and 2) susceptible-exposed-infected (SEI) for an intermediate state when the host first becomes exposed and only after a latency period (latency_period) is over. This page lists above the numerous inputs and parameters, although many of them have default values, some need careful consideration and calibration. The best way how to identify options relevant to a given use case is to go through one of the available tutorials.

Calibration

Typically, the model needs to be calibrated. You can obtain the calibration from a published work, colleague, calibrate the model manually (in GRASS GIS), or use the R interface to PoPS called rpops which has dedicated functions for calibration.

NOTES

EXAMPLES

Obtaining list of rasters

Use R script to create weather coefficients based on a defined polynomial.

Example of creating file with list of input maps (unix-like command line): 

g.list type=raster pattern="moisture_*" mapset=climate -m > moistures.txt
g.list type=raster pattern="temperature_*" mapset=climate -m > temperatures.txt
Note that the above assumes that the names will be ordered by time. This will happen automatically if they are, e.g. numbered as 001, 002, etc. (e.g. temperature_001 and not temperature_1). If they are numbered without the zero-padding, i.e. 1, 2, ..., 10, 11, ..., then in a unix-like command line, you can do pipe the result through sort with -n (| sort -n). For example, for map names like temperature_1, the following unix-like command will do the sorting: 
g.list type=raster pattern="temperature_*" mapset=climate | sort -k2 -t_ -n > temperatures.txt
Note the underscore which tells sort where to split the name for sorting and the number 2 which indicates which part of the name to use for sorting after splitting. If you have the weather-related timeseries in a separate mapset, you can add this mapset to the search path of your current mapset so that you can have the rasters in the list without specifying the mapset. To add to the search path, use for example: 
g.mapsets mapset=climate

Generating a constant coefficient

In case the moisture coefficient is not used, we can generate a constant raster map to be used as the coefficient: 
r.mapcalc "const_1 = 1"
Then using unix-like command line, we can create a list of these rasters in a file based on the number of lines in a temperature list files we created earlier: 
NUM_LINES=`cat temperatures.txt | wc -l`
echo const_1 > moistures.txt
for LINE in `seq 2 $NUM_LINES`; do echo const_1 >> moistures.txt; done;

Creating treatments

To account for (vector) treatments partially covering host cells: 
# set resolution for treatments and convert to raster
g.region res=10 -ap
v.to.rast input=treatment output=treatment use=val

# resample to lower resolution (match host map resolution)
g.region align=host_map -p
r.resamp.stats -w input=treatment output=treatment_resampled method=count
# get maximum value, which is dependent on resolution
# e.g. when resampling from 10m to 100m, max will be 100 (100 small cells in 1 big cell)
r.info -r treatment_resampled
# result will be 0 to 1
r.mapcalc "treatment_float = test_treatment_resampled / 100"
# adjust host layer
r.mapcalc "treated_host = host - host * treatment_float"

Running the model

Example of the run of the model (unix-like command line): 
r.pops.spread host=host total_plants=all infected=infected_2005 \
    moisture_coefficient_file=moistures.txt temperature_coefficient_file=temperatures.txt \
    output=spread step=week start_time=2005 end_time=2010 \
    reproductive_rate=4 dispersal_kernel=cauchy wind=NE random_seed=4

REFERENCES

To cite this module, please refer to How to cite section in the readme file.

SEE ALSO

r.spread, r.grow, r.lake, r.futures

Tutorials and other resources:

AUTHORS

(in alphabetical order)

Chris Jones*
Margaret Lawrimore*
Vaclav Petras*
Anna Petrasova*

Previous contributors:

Zexi Chen*
Devon Gaydos*
Francesco Tonini*

* Center for Geospatial Analytics, NC State University

SOURCE CODE

Available at: r.pops.spread source code (history)

Latest change: Monday Jun 28 07:54:09 2021 in commit: 1cfc0af029a35a5d6c7dae5ca7204d0eb85dbc55

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